System Design Principles
Designing scalable systems requires understanding trade-offs between consistency, availability, and partition tolerance (CAP theorem), along with proven architectural patterns.
Key Components
| Component | Purpose | Popular Tools |
|---|---|---|
| Load Balancers | Distribute traffic | NGINX, HAProxy, AWS ELB |
| Caching | Reduce latency | Redis, Memcached, CDN |
| Databases | Data persistence | PostgreSQL, MongoDB, Cassandra |
| Message Queues | Async processing | RabbitMQ, Kafka, SQS |
| Microservices | Service decomposition | Docker, Kubernetes, Service Mesh |
| CDN | Content delivery | CloudFlare, AWS CloudFront |
Database Sharding Example
-- Sharding by user_id range
-- Shard 1: user_id 1-1000000
CREATE TABLE users_shard_1 (LIKE users);
-- Shard 2: user_id 1000001-2000000
CREATE TABLE users_shard_2 (LIKE users);
-- Application-level routing
def get_shard(user_id):
if user_id <= 1000000:
return 'shard_1'
else:
return 'shard_2'
Case Study: Twitter Timeline
Twitter faced challenges serving timelines for millions of users. Solution: Pre-compute timelines for active users, fanout-on-write for celebrities, hybrid approach for scalability.
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