Understanding Web Security
Web applications face numerous security threats. Understanding attack vectors and implementing defense-in-depth strategies is crucial for protecting user data and maintaining trust.
OWASP Top 10 Vulnerabilities
| Rank | Vulnerability | Prevention |
|---|---|---|
| A01 | Broken Access Control | RBAC, least privilege, deny by default |
| A02 | Cryptographic Failures | Strong encryption, TLS 1.3, secure key storage |
| A03 | Injection | Parameterized queries, input validation |
| A04 | Insecure Design | Threat modeling, secure design patterns |
| A05 | Security Misconfiguration | Hardening guides, automated scanning |
| A06 | Vulnerable Components | Dependency scanning, regular updates |
| A07 | Authentication Failures | MFA, strong password policies, rate limiting |
| A08 | Integrity Failures | CI/CD security, signed commits |
| A09 | Logging Failures | Centralized logging, monitoring |
| A10 | SSRF | Input validation, allowlist URLs |
Security Headers Implementation
# Nginx security headers
add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains" always;
add_header X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN" always;
add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always;
add_header X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block" always;
add_header Content-Security-Policy "default-src 'self'" always;
SQL Injection Prevention
# Vulnerable code - DON'T DO THIS
cursor.execute(f"SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = '{email}'")
# Safe code - parameterized query
cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = %s", (email,))
Authentication Best Practices
Implement MFA, use bcrypt for password hashing (work factor 12+), implement account lockout after failed attempts, use secure session management with HTTP-only cookies, and implement proper logout functionality.
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